 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | ||||
| By N2H | |||||||
最新史
- 家
- 歷史的總統赦免令
- 歷史的總統競選活動
- 歷史歌劇魅影
- 歷史的花生醬
- 歷史的遊行
- 歷史氣象
- 歷史上的陣亡將士紀念日
- 歷史馬丁路德金
- 歷史國際貨幣基金組織
- 利比里亞歷史
- 歷史滑冰
- 歷史伊邦Adarna
- 歷史的甜品
- 歷史的麥田怪圈
- 史貝娜齊爾布托
- 歷史的美國銀行
- 歷史的亞特蘭大獵鷹
- 歷史的阿諾德施瓦辛格
- 歷史的亞當桑德勒
- 歷史的雙子星登陸
- 歷史的品客薯片
- 歷史的CD機
- 技術史
- 歷史的火星巧克力
- 排球歷史
- 史電話
- 史柏林牆
- 歷史的米老鼠
- 士力架的歷史糖果酒吧
- 艾滋病的歷史
- 歷史的手機
- 歷史的芭比娃娃
- 芭蕾舞團的歷史
- 歷史阿拉斯加
- 歷史的迪斯尼樂園
- 歷史的電子郵件
- 史谷歌
- 簡史夏威夷
- 歷史的北美自由貿易協定
- 納米技術的歷史
- 歷史的平克弗洛伊德
- 歷史鉀
- 史西斯廷教堂
- 網球歷史
- 史加沙地帶
- 感恩節的歷史
- 歷史的安然醜聞
- 史自由女神像
- 歷史的美國憲法
- 棒球歷史
歷史滑冰
實踐冰溜冰是在許多國家在世界各地。 它通常發生在人造溜冰場如今，儘管“冷”的國家，例如瑞典，加拿大，例如，保持傳統的滑冰冷凍河流和湖泊非常活躍。 考古發現表明，它已經存在了幾千年 - 無論是作為一種娛樂活動或作為運輸工具 - 產生之前，各類競技體育在現代時代。
早期滑冰
最原始的形式滑冰（可追溯到古代，可能源自歐洲）涉及冰鞋製成的骨頭滑過凍僵的屍體的水。 早期的溜冰鞋是非常基本的概念，包括一個平滑的表面，用於選手在冰上滑行。 據認為，荷蘭帶來了顯著的進步結合刀片的冰鞋，早在13 世紀 。
一旦葉片已經發明，冰刀也不會發生任何更重大的變化。 唯一顯著的一個來得很晚，並包括附加刀片的專用鞋的鞋底。 這是現代冰刀據我們所知，其主要特點是增加了平衡和堅固。
花樣滑冰
花樣滑冰，這項運動最藝術，也許是最普遍的形式，巧妙地組合舞蹈，體操，滑冰。 它已經存在了幾百年，在一個非常簡陋和嚴肅的形式，可能是由於這樣的事實：溜冰了很長一段時間嚴格保留了歐洲的富裕精英。 中期，19世紀，傑克遜海恩斯（美國紐約）革命性的藝術加入給它的各種大膽和有力的行動。
海恩斯的風格把他成為一個現象，幫助他贏得了美國田徑錦標賽進入歐洲前。 這是在維也納，奧地利，他的新形式的花樣滑冰真正流行起來，後來發展成為全面的運動具有複雜的一套規則。 花樣滑冰其後的方式回到美國作為一個真正的國際體育和更加制度化。 今天，它由一個國際聯合會，是一個非常嚴格的運動，事實上，大多數奧運滑冰選手已經為他們的大部分生活。
業餘花樣滑冰現狀
業餘身份用於承受了很多意義的世界花樣滑冰。 直到1995年，有競爭力（奧運）滑冰是嚴格的紀律，沒有業餘財政補償。 因此，許多奧運選手決定削減自己的職業生涯短暫，以加入更多的利潤豐厚的娛樂產業，促使國際聯合會修改規則，讓花樣滑冰運動員賺錢。 花樣滑冰是一個突出的夾具在冬季奧運會和仍然非常流行的娛樂世界。
其他學科進入了冬季奧運會，如速度滑冰，短道速度滑冰（這發生在一個橢圓形的場和運動員使用更長的鞋），當然還有冰上曲棍球，這是一個非常受歡迎的斯堪的納維亞，東歐和北美。
相關歷史：
史貝娜齊爾布托
貝布托，前總理，巴基斯坦，率領一個鼓舞人心動盪不安的生活，但她遇刺前在一次政治集會。 當選總理於 1988年，布托成為第一位女性領導人的一個伊斯蘭國家。 從她趕下台後根據的指控貪污，貝布托進入自我放逐在迪拜和倫敦。 貝布托認為，在民主和重建，希望它在巴基斯坦。 她爭取，直到她2007年去世。
早年生活
出生在家庭的突出貝布托於 1953年6月21日，她的父親佐勒菲卡爾阿里布托，連任兩屆的巴基斯坦總理。 她上大學 16歲的拉德克利夫學院參加哈佛大學。 她獲得了文學學士學位的拉德克利夫在比較政府。 她後來學習哲學，政治和經濟在牛津大學。 當選總統牛津聯盟在1976年，她成為第一個亞洲女性擔任尊貴的頭銜。 貝布托獲得第二學位，1977年從牛津大學。 當年晚些時候，她返回巴基斯坦。
父親的執行
幾天後，貝布托抵達巴基斯坦，當時的陸軍將軍穆罕默德齊亞哈克喪身取消她的父親的職務後，於 1977年軍事政變。 在軍事茲哈克接管了權力和監禁她的父親，當時的軍在1979年執行。 逮捕和拘留，她幾次，貝布托離開倫敦時，她被允許離開巴基斯坦於 1984年。
貝布托作出了在倫敦的家。 雖然她住在這裡，她住在一個積極參與秘密行動與她的兩個兄弟抵抗軍事獨裁統治在巴基斯坦。 她的哥哥Shanawaz可疑情況下死亡，於 1985年，她回到巴基斯坦，他埋葬。 被逮捕後，再釋放在她逗留期間，她回到倫敦。
她的任期為總理
當戒嚴結束在巴基斯坦於 1986年，布托返回巴基斯坦。 許多人示威反對齊亞哈克喪身的時間，她用她的知名度與公眾要求他信辭職。 然後，她競選的立場總理於 1988年。 當選的立場，即在今年35歲，她接管了韁繩她父親的黨，巴基斯坦人民黨（PPP）的。
在服刑兩年的任期，當時的總統伊沙克汗古拉迫使她下台的腐敗指控下，儘管布托從未收到過試驗的基礎上說，收費。 她發起了大規模的反腐敗運動，並再次當選首相在1993年。 當時的總統法魯克萊加里摘掉了涉嫌貪污的醜聞。 布托抗議她的清白，認為這些文件是偽造的。
貝布托留在未來 8年內在迪拜和倫敦。後，穆沙拉夫就任總統後，她返回巴基斯坦。
返回巴基斯坦
布托在2007年回到收集支持運行對穆沙拉夫。 她會見了幾個國家的領導人，並表示她的興趣在競選總理再次在巴基斯坦恢復民主。 她有一個偉大的願望，拯救巴基斯坦的穆斯林極端分子，例如塔利班和基地Quaida。 自殺式炸彈殺害了100多名支持者，她當她抵達巴基斯坦。
暗殺
雖然她對普雷斯競選。 穆沙拉夫，貝布托收到很多死亡威脅，並試圖在她的生活。 在2007年12月27日，她參加一個競選集會在拉瓦爾品第，巴基斯坦，讚美她，這裡有成千上萬集會，表示支持她在即將舉行的選舉。 自殺式炸彈和槍手的暗殺布托，她離開集會。 另外有20人死於爆炸和交火發生。
相關歷史：
歷史的亞特蘭大獵鷹
在亞特蘭大獵鷹是美國橄欖球隊的總部設在佐治亞州的亞特蘭大。 該小組的一名成員 NFC南區，部門，國家橄欖球聯合會（NFC）進行的全國足球聯盟（NFL）。 該小組參加了NFL於 1965年，成員已超過 45年。 該小組是著名的編制記錄 275-400-6以及部門在1980年世錦賽，1998年和2004年。 在獵鷹僅取得一出現在超級碗，於 1999年。
亞特蘭大獵鷹：簡史
當美國亞特蘭大富爾頓縣體育場建成，城市以為那是一次追求點上的職業足球現場。 巧合的是，在NFL正在尋找擴大球迷在南方和獲得專利權的表達水平。 在亞特蘭大獵鷹的構思是6月30日1965年，蘭金史密斯，老，誰當時的執行副總裁，人壽保險公司，格魯吉亞，被授予的所有權由當時的NFL專員羅澤爾。 史密斯報每人支付850萬美元的專有權利和所有權的團隊。 朱莉婭埃利奧特，一名高中教師，從格里芬，格魯吉亞，建議獵鷹的名字在1965年舉行的比賽。 湯米諾比斯，一個後衛從德克薩斯大學起草第一稿1966年，成為有史以來第一個獵鷹。
亞特蘭大獵鷹在NFL
在亞特蘭大獵鷹'第一次是1966年NFL球季。 他們輸了9場比賽的賽季，最後才贏得比賽的第一專營權對紐約巨人隊，27-16。 該代表隊的首個主場對聖路易紅雀。 到1960年底，在已獲得亞特蘭大獵鷹只有12勝。 該小組參加的首個週一晚在亞特蘭大足球比賽在1970年賽季，但沒有安全的第一場勝利，直到1971年賽季。 獵鷹進入他們的第一次季后賽系列賽在1978年贏得了外卡進入季后賽，他們對老鷹比賽，但當時輸給了達拉斯牛仔隊在分區季后賽。 該小組在1980年完成，但12月4日再次失去了在分區季后賽的牛仔。 1982年賽季被打斷了，由於罷工，但獵鷹到了季后賽，他們輸給了明尼蘇達維京人。 教練利曼貝內特隨後解僱，因為損失。 在亞特蘭大獵鷹沒能到另一個季后賽，直到1991年，他們輸給了華盛頓紅人隊在分區季后賽。 綽號“骯髒的鳥獵鷹”當時創造了球隊。
1998年賽季被證明是球隊的最大賽季迄今為止，與四分衛克里斯錢德勒和安德森跑賈邁勒領導小組，相繼勝利。 獲得 40-10的獵鷹在新英格蘭愛國者隊，打破了22連敗。 在亞特蘭大獵鷹以14-2結束常規賽與 NFC西區冠軍。 該代表隊在明尼蘇達海盜在NFC的冠軍遊戲 1999年1月18日，以30-27分的加班費，但是，獵鷹輸給了丹佛野馬隊在超級杯三十三。
在所有主要的美式橄欖球隊，亞特蘭大獵鷹舉行的數量最多的季節沒有連勝。被打破的紀錄，在2009年賽季時，他們打敗了坦帕灣海盜隊 20-10在最後一場比賽，從而改進了它們的記錄 9-7 。
相關歷史：
排球歷史
奧運會排球是一項集體運動，發揮兩個小組的六名球員的球場上進行淨它們之間的一球是在整個沖壓網，其目的是得分，對對方球隊的接地球。 每隊只允許 3個球的接觸之前，必須歸還給對方。 該中心網有6英尺高6英寸，雖然在兒童的遊戲，這是常常降至略高於其頭部高度。
1895年，一個基督教青年會體育導師的名字威廉摩根誰創造了一款叫做Mintonette老年成員的基督教青年會誰發現一些其他遊戲，以充滿活力，需要一個遊戲的技能，而不是實力，幫助使他們適應。 摩根是詹姆斯奈史密斯的朋友，誰佔有突出地位，在歷史上的籃球，但認為奈史密斯的遊戲會造成傷害的中年男子，而有一個淨略高於頭並不需要太多跳躍。
摩根的原名稱的遊戲是Mintonette是選為點頭羽毛球，一個有影響力的遊戲，是在制定規則的第一個排球，雖然名字並沒有真正流行起來。 一個觀眾的示範比賽阿爾弗雷德霍爾斯特德，另一基督教青年會主任指出，有不少的截擊發生在法院，之後不久排球的名字被選中，最終被感染的排球。
第一次正式排球規則發表在1897年的體育聯盟香港中華基督教青年會北美。 排球者快速的規則後，刊登在同年斯伯丁了一個自定義球用橡膠膀胱內的籃球，而在未來數年進行了重新設計，使其重量定居的8至10盎司和周長確定為 26英寸。 排球很快就擴散到其他基督教青年會各大學在美國，1905年和正在發揮古巴，日本於 1908年，在中國和菲律賓的1910年。
1900年，遊戲規則進行了調整，以消除因寧斯已經確定由摩根，有多少分才能贏得一場比賽增加到21分，淨提高到了7英尺6英寸。 1912年，排球的規則，再次更新，以面對現實的遊戲，這就是年輕球員越來越快，所以法庭總額增加至60英尺35英尺，球的重量統一為 7至9盎司和球員的數量定為每隊只有6對法院在任何時候。
The National Collegiate Athletic Association joined forces with the YMCA in 1916 to further refine the rules of the game, and then again in 1920, by which time Volleyball was truly established as a college game although not professional. the first national YMCA Volleyball championship were held in New York, but non-YMCA teams weren't invited, a situation not remedied until 1928 and the creation of the United States Volleyball Association (USVBA). The USVBA was acepted by the YMCA and NCAA as their new umbrella organization and the first national men's tournament was held in the same year.
Whilst Volleyball was a popular game it struggled to develop a league of teams that would compete in regular competitions with most games being played within very local leagues. The 1930s saw the first beach game being played, and in 1934 recognition of referees who would adjudicate championship and inter college games. The USVBA was finally recognized by all Volleyball associations as having jurisdiction over the rules of the game, a turning point that spurred more interest and better funding for the game, and quickly growing to the fifth most popular form of recreation in the US.
Internationally, the end of World War 2 resulted in Volleyball receiving recognition as a global sport and the formation of the Federation Internationale de Volley Ball (FIVB) in 1947 along with the first World Championship games in 1949 held in Prague, the capital city of Czechoslovakia, and won by the Soviet Union. The US didn't win a World Championship game until 1986 in Paris, France. Volleyball was played at international level in the Americas for the first time in 1955 a the Pan American Games, and a the Olympics in 1964.
Beach Volleyball was formally recognized as a new medium of the game in the 1960s with the creation of the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA), a game that is similar to regular volleyball except that teams are reduced to just two players each. Beach versions of the regular six person team sport are also played though these tend to be of a more social nature than a competitive sport.
Despite the different rules and more professional nature of some Beach Volleyball leagues, the sport is still administered at international level by the FIVB, and in the US by a grouping of the USAV (formerly the USVBA), the Women's Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA), and the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP). Beach Volleyball and Surf Rescue competitions in many parts of the world are often held at the same time with many competitors involved in both activities.
高校排球比賽舉行的全國大學體育協會提供一份主要資金扶持，在1960年代後期開始，第一個真正的男子錦標賽在1970年贏得了加州大學洛杉磯分校，而在NCAA女子排球錦標賽才開始，直到1981年，南加州獲勝。 從基層的大學生很多婦女繼續發揮排球導致職業婦女聯盟的WPVA正在組建於 1986年，以保護婦女的比賽被淹沒男子職業排球。
相關歷史：
網球歷史
強安打，強大的中風，爆炸的回報，平滑服務 - 這些舉動，使網球比賽很從事。 溫網，澳大利亞公開賽，法國公開賽有三個著名的法院當頭號種子見面，爭奪榮譽，得到第一名。 獎金只是錦上添花，可以這麼說，讓網球比賽的高賭注的職權金錢和聲譽。 隨著高爾夫球，網球被認為是運動所起的富人和名人，與社會的精英。 這種現象的原因種的看法可能是網球歷史糾纏在一起。
中世紀網球
在中世紀時代，它被稱為“真正的網球”，這是模仿其他球類如回力球，帕拉，五歲以下兒童，和手球。 16日至18世紀，遊戲，原名為“Jeu德Paumme”或遊戲的手掌。 不過，球員們往往會在比賽開始高喊“Tenez！”這意味著，“玩！”，不久的遊戲，來到被稱為“皇家網球”或“真正的網球。”
僧侶們最喜歡的遊戲
這是一個人感到意外的，但是，它的起源是宗教。 根據建設和外觀早場，網球場可能是發揮在與世隔絕的寺院僧侶通過的時間和演習。
起初，發現和無保護的手掌被用來擊球。 然而，太多的意外和受傷是由於球員的做法，後來打了皮手套。 然而，受傷保持不變，因為早期的球所用木材製成。 因此，與其手套，球員們開始玩木製球拍手柄有效打擊和服務的球。 在16世紀，玩這個遊戲在封閉區域內，而不是戶外正如先前的球員都習慣這樣做。 此時，該規則已經確立。 從修道院，網球蔓延流行的宮廷。
喜愛的運動的國王
中世紀法國皇室開發的網球比賽。 在亨利二世統治時期，是第一個已知的書是關於網球的作者是一名神父。 兩名王室成員死於網球有關的並發症 - 路易十發冷的比賽後，查理八世和被擊中後的球。 這些並沒有阻止皇家球員繼續推動經濟增長的網球遊戲。 國王查理九創造了第一個職業網球巡迴賽，並建立了三個層次：學徒工，副，掌握。
現代網球的開始
網球的熱愛在英格蘭開始與亨利斯，特別是亨利第八屆誰傳聞已打網球時，他的第二任妻子，安博林，逮捕和處決。 詹姆斯的時候我是國王，已經有14個法院的現有在倫敦。
在發展現代網球，然而，開始與兩名軍人，專業哈里寶石和沃爾特克洛普頓法德，誰合併要素球拍，回力和門球，並根據真實的網球遊戲。
根據他的朋友的建議下，法德被稱為“遊戲草地網球。”他的專利在1874年的比賽，並出版了18頁的規則手冊的“叫做司法泰克或草坪十尼什，”採用現代的詞語如平分和愛。 法德借了很多來自法國創造條件為現代網球得分。
根據維基百科WTO對網球運動的歷史，我們了解到：
- 平分來自“à倆樂 jeu，”意義“，雙方都滿意的遊戲”（即，兩個球員相同的成績）。
- 愛是外界普遍認為，來自“歐萊雅 oeuf，”法語裡是“雞蛋，”代表的形狀零。
- 該公約的編號分數“15”，“30”和“40”來自雙週報，trente和誇，這在法國耳朵作出悅耳的序列，或從宿舍的時鐘（15，30，45）與 45簡化40。
相關歷史：
棒球歷史
棒球是一項體育運動國際比賽，但主要集中在美國和加拿大兩隊之間的9名球員在9局。 在任何一個時間一隊將於領域的球員之一，指定投手，其餘領域，對方球隊的球員輪流擊球。 類似棒球球棒和球等體育項目，如板球，但不同之處有4個基地的擊球手需要談判，除非在計分全壘打被擊中。
儘管美國主導的棒球，遊戲並沒有發明，其實在北美，並有責任起源於中世紀的遊戲，也發展成為板球，球棒和球的遊戲，通常是較受歡迎的北美以外，日本和古巴，和少數其他國家。 中世紀蝙蝠和球類從英國是最有可能的母公司現代棒球，儘管場比賽中俄羅斯（Lapta）和羅馬尼亞（Oina）在14世紀的所有類似的英語變體表明，場比賽用球棒和球可能有集體的歷史起源較早，可能早在凱爾特時代。
英國中世紀的蝙蝠和球類包括Stoolball，全能，狗和貓，也許板球以及。 Stoolball似乎早於所有其他蝙蝠和球類比賽中被提及的文本，並圍繞 1070年發揮了擠奶使用milkstool作為檢票，拋出的球，擊球員被要求擊出的球與他們的手還是小蝙蝠以防止它打了凳子上。 數額身體活動僅限於投擲，擊中並不太可能需要大量的空間，可以發揮小庭院。
許多歷史學家相信stoolball可能已通過了男子在中世紀的城鎮和村莊，成為前奏板球1500年代以來的運行三柱門之間的一個組成部分得分運行，但奇怪的球被拋出的充分參與相同的樣式現代棒球。 賭王之王，遊戲主要是在愛爾蘭的比賽今天也起源於英國，但更類似於現代棒球比Stoolball。
在賭王之王兩隊領域和蝙蝠類似於棒球，和擊球員需要通過四個基地，一分之前，為他的球隊。 現代版全能運動員看到球碗下手誰的擊球手必須單手擊球，並需要運行是否命中還是錯過了球，但在舊時代的規則是寫在每個地方可以自由創建自己的規則，其中一些人相信已經非常接近現代棒球。
在美國，遊戲被稱為鎮球，這似乎已提請美洲英國和愛爾蘭移民，非常相似，全能，但每一個地區，它是發揮了自己的規則。 鎮球是已知有發揮早在1740年代，但或許同月比較，在某些地區，美國被稱為基地，基地球，球，或圓球。 基地球的名字一直被認為已創造了在美國，甚至程度艾爾斯伯丁的創始人斯伯丁體育器材發明的歷史，其中包括一個人的名字軍官道布爾戴，也應該是獨立的遊戲真正起源於英國。
已知最早提到棒球來自 1791年，從第的皮茨菲爾德市政廳禁止玩棒球的80碼範圍內的城鎮會議室。 但第一次記錄到的遊戲規則棒球來自 1845年，當亞歷山大卡特賴特，紐約消防員聚集了一群人，創造了俱樂部的紐約人，同時制定一套規則，以管理和裁決的俱樂部比賽。 根據他們的第一場比賽卡特賴特的規則（也稱為尼克博克規則）發生在伊利森體育場於6月18 日 1846年對紐約9。 儘管有書面的規則，尼克博克俱樂部輸掉了比賽 23-1。
棒球的熱情在俱樂部和觀眾之間，負責形成幾個新的俱樂部，在隨後幾年中，以至於在1858年有可能使25個俱樂部結合在一起，創造了全國協會棒球員。 在1869年的第一職業棒球隊，辛辛那提紅襪開始了國家招募隨後參觀了東海岸，贏得所有比賽，但6。 在NABPP，和其後的全國協會不太成功，促進經濟增長和競爭力，在球隊發揮，所以在1876年全國聯賽是形成了持續到今天。
原本國家聯盟是由12個專業隊伍，但門票銷售下降的聯賽被迫縮減到8支球隊 1900年，該未成年人的決定西部聯盟一直在等待，使他們能夠迅速擴展到城市下降了全國聯盟。 擴大後的西部聯盟更名為美國聯盟，導致兩者之間的競爭聯賽和世界大賽每年舉行一次比賽的冠軍隊之間的全國聯賽冠軍隊對美國聯賽。
貝比魯斯
在兩者之間的差別大聯盟是非常小的，這兩個操作系統在本質上是相同的規則與例外規則的指定打擊通過的1973年美國聯盟允許球隊提名一位球員誰蝙蝠的地方，允許在投手的投手集中力量，投擲訓練和擊球手擊球集中。 全國聯賽對比並不贊同這種規則，要求所有的投手做自己的擊球。 有一些投機的規則作出了貢獻贏得了美國整體聯盟的球隊在世界大賽冠軍。
在歷史上一些偉大的棒球選手啟發了球迷和球員都已經成為名人和他們從小做起，其中許多人獲得超越體育和不朽的歌曲，電影，甚至在政治。 球員貝比魯斯一樣，喬迪馬喬，盧伽雷，或米奇曼托貸款他們的名字。 可悲的一個數字是美國最好的球員從來沒有讓美國職棒大聯盟比賽，由於顏色。 在缺乏融入棒球和與 19世紀 70年代末40年代意味著許多偉大的球員被限制發揮黑人聯賽，雖然受歡迎，這意味著這些球員永遠無法直接比較與白人。
棒球開始將自1945年，很多俱樂部大聯盟的業主和經理們沒有良心能夠繼續否認他們的黑人球員在大滿貫賽的機會之後，非洲的貢獻，美國人對戰爭作出努力。 一些美國最偉大的球員約書亞吉布森（黑貝比魯斯），酷爸爸貝爾，巴克倫納德，馬丁 Dihigo，朱迪約翰遜的球員是誰做的黑人聯賽中從來沒有能夠發揮大聯盟。 在60年代後期開始的運動，這些球員都承認的棒球名人堂，一個事件，終於在1971年發生的誘導與佩奇的挎包。
在20世紀 90年代美國職棒大聯盟被擊中了1994年球員罷工，以及類固醇醜聞 20世紀 90年代初千禧年。 門票銷售下降和觀眾玩世不恭造成的大筆資金的聯賽，往往對工作似乎小聯盟球員被徵召有其影響迫使大聯盟，以加強禁毒政策和進入控制損害保護的精神遊戲。 他們的努力upto 2006年，包括鞏固媒體管理納入一個單一的公司，並於 2000年藍帶的專員小組的報告對收入和工資差別的跡象表明，俱樂部終於支付了與觀眾人數比1993年以前高。
成功改變結構的大聯盟棒球俱樂部的財政狀況，並已記入與一些小俱樂部大聯盟世界大賽冠軍，近年來，包括亞利桑那響尾蛇（2001年），安那罕天使（2002年），佛羅里達馬林魚（2003），與芝加哥白襪（2005年）。
相關歷史：
歷史小威廉姆斯
Serena Williams is a female American tennis player, the sister of Venus Williams, and also a top ranked player who has been ranked number one in the world several times, and holds the record for holding all four grand slam titles consecutively. Serena Williams has represented the US at the Olympic Games, and is one of the world's highest earning sport celebrities. Ms Williams is a long time philanthropist, having established a school in Kenya, and offering her support to breast cancer clinics. She is considered a positive role model in the world of sport.
Serena Jameka Williams was born in Saginaw Michigan on the 26 th September 1981, to Richard and Brandy Williams. She is the youngest of five girls and while still an infant moved with her family to Compton, a suburb of Los Angeles in California. The family never felt safe living in Compton and Serena's father was determined his two youngest daughters would have the chance for a better life so started teaching them tennis at a very young age in the public tennis courts around Compton.
小威開始打網球的年齡在四，她的父母家中受過教育小威和她的網球教練，家庭已經購買了許多書籍和錄像的教練和打網球。 年齡在四年半小威參加過她的第一次比賽，贏得所有帳戶 46 49初中美國網球協會（USTA）的賽事，名列第一，而在根據全國 10個年齡組於 1990年。 1991年，Serena的父母，她和金星退出職業網球比賽，集中精力研究和學校給姐妹接地網球之外的競爭力。
大約在同一時間理查德威廉姆斯問里克Macci，著名網球教練，從佛羅里達州前往加州看到他的女兒玩。 Macci曾執教皮爾斯和卡普里亞蒂，並立即建議家人搬到佛羅里達州等塞雷納和維納斯能夠參加他的網球學校。 這時候塞雷納和維納斯在獲得足夠的背書，使家庭置業的棕櫚灘花園接近Macci的學院。
從 1991年到1995年小威廉姆斯進行密集訓練 Macci，發展自己的風格，在遊戲和學習有關的遊戲策略。 In 1995 the Williams family parted ways from Rick Macci with Richard Williams taking on responsibility for the continuing coaching of both Serena, and her sister Venus. In the same year Serena turned pro and played her first professional game at the age of 14 in the Bell Challenge, Quebec City.
Turning pro at 14, two years younger than the WTA allowed for professional players meant that Serena was only able to play in non-WTA events, yet despite lack of contact with other WTA players Serena became known once again for being a formidable player. In 1997, shortly after her 16 th birthday, Serena joined the WTA pro tour. Her first major wins came at the Ameritech Cup in Chicago where Serena beat seventh ranked Mary Pierce in the second round, followed by fourth ranked Monica Seles in the quarterfinals, and finally falling to Lyndsey Davenport in the semis.
1998 was a pivotal year for Serena Williams who started the year ranked 99 th in women's tennis yet finished the year in the top 20 after bruising encounters with the top female players that saw her win doubles and mixed doubles tournaments, winning Wimbledon and the US Open mixed doubles with her playing partner Max Mirnyi, and the women's doubles at the Grand Slam with sister Venus.
Serena played her first professional match against Venus, losing to her during the second round of the Australian Open, a match both described as challenging since Venus had always looked out for her sister, whilst Serena had always looked up to Venus. Both sisters have regularly played each other in tournaments, and observers have commented they seem to play each other without their usual zeal and enthusiasm leading to accusations outside the sport and amongst some players that Richard Williams decides in advance which of the sisters will win the match.
Serena's first professional win in the WTA was at the 1999 Paris Indoor tournament against Amélie Mauresmo, but later that year she went on to win the 1999 US Open, beating three of the top four ranked WTA players, Monica Seles, Lyndsay Davenport, and Martina Hingis, and also becoming the first African-American to win a major Grand Slam title since Althea Gibson, another African-American player who won Wimbledon and the US Championship in 1958, and a moment Serena has described as a career highlight despite winning several majors since.
In WTA rankings Serena finished 1999 ranked 4 th , but dropped to 6 th in 2000, and it wasn't until the Australian Open in 2002 that Serena Williams finally won the coveted 1 st ranking, beating her sister Venus at the Australian Open who had been the previous number one, and the first time in WTA history that a player had dethroned her own sister for the rank. By 2003 Serena lost her number one to Kim Clijsters after 57 weeks at number one, a tough year for the Williams sisters after a shooting in the Los Angeles suburb of Compton that killed their older sister Yetunde.
Between 2004 and 2007 Serena Williams suffered a recurring left knee injury that kept her from playing at top form and was the cause of many frustrating losses including a drop in rank out of the top ten. The Australian Open was her only major win in 2005, whilst 2006 saw Serena withdraw from many tournaments or only enter as a wildcard entrant. Despite problems with her knee Serena did manage to reach the semi-finals of the Cincinnati Masters and the JP Morgan Chase Open, but missing out on a chance in the US Open being beaten in the fourth round.
Returning to WTA events in 2007 after taking a short break for recuperation Serena stunned the tennis world with a spectacular win in the Australian Open against Maria Sharapova before going onto win the Sony Ericsson Open against Justine Henin. 2008 saw Serena continue to do well, winning the Hopman Cup, the Bangalore Open, the Family Circle Cup, and the US Open, and returning her to number one ranking in the WTA, a position she lost by the end of the year but holding onto the number two rank.
2009 started positively for Serena, winning the Australia Open for the fourth time, but a thigh injury forced her to withdraw from defending her crown at the Family Circle Cup, and also saw her lose the Sony Ericsson final to Victoria Azarenka, also seeing a loss in the Andalucía Tennis Experience in the first round. Despite injury, Serena Williams has consistently demonstrated a desire to get back on court, earning her awards for Most Favourite Female Sports Star (2008), WTA Player of the year (2002, 2008), Avon Foundation Celebrity Role Model Award (2003), and the Family Circle Player Who Makes a Difference Award (2004).
相關歷史：
History of Football
Football, otherwise known as American Football is a sport involving two opposing teams of players competing for territory on a football field using a ball and set play with the objective being to get the ball to the goal line of the opposing team either by scoring a running touchdown or kicking the ball over the post and between the uprights of the goal. Unlike soccer, football does not have a goal defender, instead it is more similar to Rugby and Australian Rules Football where all team members play a defensive and offensive role during the game.
Rugby, the predecessor to Football was invented in England during the 1860s although its antecedents are common to soccer and date back to at least the middle ages when groups of rival villages would compete to score a goal using filled or inflated pigs bladders that were held and run with until the player was tackled and lost control of the ball.A goal was scored when the ball was picked or carried thru to a designated point like the church doors or a post erected in the village square.
During the 1860s in England a number of public schools, universities and working mens clubs got together to form a set of rules that would allow teams from different schools or districts to play against each other. The rules that were ultimately published were the forerunner of modern soccer, but were not accepted by all teams who refused to join the new association and instead chose to create their own code known as rugby that allowed picking up the ball and tackling of opponents.
Whilst the rules of football can be traced to the English parent games, in fact American Football is also indigenous to North America and older versions of the sport were played at Princeton in the early 1800s. The game was called ballown and involved passing and punching the ball along the field and past the opposing team to score. Eventually the game became known as football but the rules changed from year to year as new students took it up.
Wilder Graves Penfiels - Princeton
At Harvard University a similar game was played on the first Monday of the academic year by freshman and sophomore students to the great enjoyment of senior students. The game was called Bloody Monday and was considered a good ice breaker for letting new students get to know each other. The name Bloody Monday was no accident, but wasn'ta free for all, there was an objective to be met, to win by scoring goals.
Soon after the rules of soccer and rugby had been agreed on in England the US entered a new period of prosperity brought about by the end of the civil war. Rutgers and Princeton independently created their own rules of play, and on the 6 th November 1869 played the very first intercollegiate game of football. Princeton lost by two goals, scoring only four goals to Rutger's six, but college football was born.
Not long after intercollegiate games became popular and in 1873 representatives from Rutgers, Princeton, Yale and Columbia met to formulate a set of rules that would be used for future intercollegiate games. They established the Intercollgeiate Football Association and adopted many of the rules used in rugby, reducing the number of players per team from twenty to fifteen and setting the length of the field to 140 yards.
Being very similar to rugby, football in the Americas had its dissenters, namely Walter Camp of Yale who wanted a shorter playing field and less players fielded down to just eleven at any one time. As a senior member of the IFA rules committee Camp was influential and not long after the first rules were drawn up Camp and Yale got their wish, the field was reduced to 110 yards and the number of players brought down to eleven.
American style football had been born and proved more popular with American players and audiences than the older rugby styled game. Colleges all over the United States adopted Camps new rules establishing American Football as the leading football code within a very short time. In 1882 Camp and the rules committee brought in the new system of three downs, a further change from rugby that allowed the team with possession of the ball to retain possession until the completion of their set play.
During the 1890s many colleges banned the game for being too rough and brutal with horrific injuries being reported and despite and enlarged rules committee representing over 60 colleges things didn't improve much until President Roosevelt who was a keen follower of the game called on the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the successor to the IFA, to eliminate brutality from the game.
The forward pass rule was instituted that almost immediately eliminated the mass scrums that had been the cause of so many injuries and opened up the gam to wide running play that is the hallmark of American Football even today. The number of downs was increased to four, and the distance of play between downs increased from five yards to ten yards.
So successful were the new changes to American Football that non college teams based around community athletic clubs formed and began to compete against each other, often players were paid their time, and in 1920 the National Football League (NFL) was formed. The rules of play were the same as for college football with the noted difference that players became professional and no longer had to work a separate job.
By the 1950s professional football and the NFL franchise had begun to dominate with ever increasing viewer numbers and network television broadcasting most major games. A rival association, the American Football League (AFL) started in areas not already serviced by NFL teams and quickly started to compete for the best players, viewing numbers, and network broadcasting contracts.
The merger of the AFL and NFL in 1970 into a 26 team franchise has been described as a defining moment in American Football history. A stronger league emerged and created the Super Bowl as its defining championship game, but most importantly the revenue sharing model in place has meant that every team has a chance of competing in the Super Bowl. This is in stark contrast to other codes where major teams manage to dominate their league.
Related Histories:
History of Soccer
The world's most popular sport, the game of soccer, is widely considered to have been a British invention, mostly because the rules that established the game were written in England in the 1800s, yet in fact the game has been played in various styles throughout civilized history.
The ancient Japanese are known to have played a game similar to soccer, but perhaps also akin to American style football as far back as 1000BC. Not much is known about this game other than the ball was quite large and round, and kicked between two teams within a small field.
A later game known as cuju developed in China with a leather ball filled with hair or feathers and was a kicking game of two teams who were required to get the ball through a small hoop rather than a set of goal posts. Cuju is believed to have been played almost continuously for close to 2,000 years, dying out in the 1600s.
The Chinese version of the game became popular in Japan and Korea with some differences, and many historians believe renaissance period versions of soccer may have been influenced by Asian games, since at the time trade with the far east had begun.
Opponents of this version of the history of soccer point out that the ancient Greeks and then the Romans also played a form of football which could more accurately be described as a cross between soccer and rugby, but with a great deal more brutality involved.
Air filled balls have been known in Europe since at least 100BC and probably before then since they were the type of ball used in the Roman game of follis, which by all accounts was more similar to modern rugby than to soccer.
During the middle ages in Europe, a form of soccer was developed that in England was banned several times for being dangerous and a public nuisance, and was closely related to the Roman game of harpastum. Known as mob football the game was characterized by having no set rules and violence against other players was acceptable, although taken in good spirit by all accounts.
Soccer hooliganism, something that is dealt with globally in today's game, was also felt back in the 1300s and 1600s in England and the game of football was banned several times due to the noise and unruly behavior of players. Drunk players would rampage through towns and villages picking fights and breaking windows.
In Australia some indigenous tribes played a game of football that involved the lead player kicking a ball into the air for other team members to catch and whilst this isn't directly related to modern soccer it can be seen that football games are not a Chinese or Greco-Roman invention, probably ball sports and games have been invented by almost every society.
Modern soccer has it's history firmly in England with the codification of Association Football, actually the name soccer is derived from the word association. In 1848 the Cambridge rules were written that allowed some of England's most famous schools to hold competitions under a common set of rules. These rules were partly used by the Football Association in 1863.
The codification of soccer took an interesting twist shortly afterwards, many clubs had been using their own rules and had allowed players to pick up and throw the ball, but after 1863 the rules of soccer made the sport a kicking game and in 1871 the clubs that hadn't joined the association formed the Rugby Football Union. American and Canadian football is derived from the rules of rugby.
Eusebio playing for Benfica - Portugal
As professional soccer has developed leagues were formed to provide a competitive playing environment which also had the advantage of turning soccer into a spectator sport. The history of soccer as a spectator game is where most of the growth in club numbers and global players has come from.
Major soccer leagues such as those found in the UK, Germany, Italy, Brazil and other countries encouraged the formation of clubs and international squads in almost every country around the world. So popular is soccer now that the World Cup competition is regularly watched live on TV by hundreds of millions of people.
From 1900 soccer has been a represented sport at the Summer Olympic games, with teams from all around the globe competing for the title of world champion. The games of 1900 saw the England champions 'Upton Park FC' beat a team from France to be crowned world champions.
These days world soccer championships are played by national squads rather than the best team within a nation's league, and over the last fifty years the FIFA World Cup has come to dominate as international soccer championship unrivaled even by the larger Olympic Games.
FIFA World Cup games often achieve record crowds and in recent history have achieved television viewing numbers in the billions over the duration of the competition. National squads that have won the FIFA World Cup include Brazil, Italy, Germany, Uruguay, England, Argentina, and France.
In 2000 the very first FIFA Club World Cup was held, an event which is gaining popularity and helping promote soccer as the most played and watched sport on the planet. Qualifying club teams compete for the chance to play the finals against another world club team.
The first FIFA Club World Cup was won by Corinthians of Brazil who beat Vasco de Gama, also of Brazil. After a rocky start to the competition because of funding concerns it is now scheduled to become an annual event, perhaps even rivaling the major regional competitions for viewing numbers.
Related Histories:
History of Basketball
Basketball is quite a young sport that has taken the world by storm for it's athleticism and accessibility, almost anyone can hang a hoop against a wall and practice alone or with a small group of friends.
Originally basketball was invented by a Canadian athletics coach, Dr James Naismith who was asked to create an activity that would keep a group of trainees instructors at the YMCA Training College active and entertained during the cold winter months. The original 13 rules of the game are still used to this day with minor modifications and additions.
Inspiration for the game came not from similar indigenous games found in China or Central America, but instead from a childhood game called “duck on a rock” which involved throwing a rock at another rock on top of which was an object, which could be anything, but which was called the duck.
The very first game of basketball in 1892 was played with a soccer ball and two peach baskets suspended from the walls of the YMCA gym. Slight modifications to the peach baskets were made after, but it wasn't until ten years later that the open ended basket was designed, it had been tiring work for the umpire to retrieve the ball after every goal.
The YMCA in Springfield Massachusetts is known as the home of basketball because it was at their training school that Naismith worked, and through the YMCA that basketball spread across the USA. Naismith was also a chaplain and proponent of clean living so it's fitting that first basketball competition between two teams was one by a YMCA team.
The ball used was redesigned in 1929 for more bounce than a soccer ball, and was also made bigger and lighter for easier handling than the soccer ball which is smaller and less bouncy. In 1949 the National Basketball Association was formed from the merger of the National Basketball League and the Basketball Association of America.
In the history of basketball the most famous team ever is a team that in fact doesn't compete, instead the team, known as the Harlem Globetrotters, are a showcase team who entertain crowds with their ball handling skills and on-court antics.
Competitive basketball has been played almost since it's invention, but it was college basketball in the middle of the 20 th century that really attracted the most interest, and made it possible for pro basketball to develop into the franchise it is today, one of the highest earning games on the planet.
So popular had basketball become after the second world war that the FIBA World Championship was created in 1950, originally with just 10 national teams which has now grown to 26 teams in 2009 and is expected to increase further. The first World Championship was won by Argentina, and it wasn't until 2002 that team USA finally won the coveted trophy.
Netball and Korfball are derived from Basketball but the rules are changed making allowances for the physical capabilities of women or mixed teams.
Related Histories: